Building A Paleoclimatic With Marine Isotope Stages

Marine Isotope Stages (abbreviated MIS), sometimes referred to as Oxygen Isotope Stages (OIS), are the discovered pieces of a chronological listing of alternating cold and warm periods on our planet, going back to at least 2.6 million years. Developed by successive and collaborative work by pioneer paleoclimatologists Harold Urey, Cesare Emiliani, John Imbrie, Nicholas Shackleton, and a host of others, MIS uses the balance of oxygen isotopes in stacked fossil plankton (foraminifera) deposits on the bottom of the oceans to build an environmental history of our planet. The changing oxygen isotope ratios hold information about the presence of ice sheets, and thus planetary climate changes, on our earths surface. How Measuring Marine Isotope Stages Work Scientists take sediment cores from the bottom of the ocean all over the world  and then measure the ratio of Oxygen 16 to Oxygen 18 in the calcite shells of the foraminifera. Oxygen 16 is preferentially evaporated from the oceans, some of which falls as snow on continents. Times when snow and glacial ice buildup occur therefore see a corresponding enrichment of the oceans in Oxygen 18. Thus the O18/O16 ratio  changes over time, mostly as a function of the volume of glacial ice on the planet. Supporting evidence for the use of oxygen isotope ratios as proxies of climate change is reflected in the matching record of what scientists believe the reason for the changing amount of glacier ice on our planet. The primary reasons glacial ice varies on our planet was described by Serbian geophysicist and astronomer Milutin Milankovic (or Milankovitch) as the combination of the eccentricity of Earths orbit around the sun, the tilt of the Earths axis and the wobble of the planet bringing the northern latitudes nearer to or farther from the suns orbit, all of which changes the distribution of incoming solar radiation to the planet. Sorting Out Competing Factors The problem is, however, that although scientists have been able to identify an extensive record of global ice volume changes through time, the exact amount of sea level rise, or temperature decline, or even ice volume, is not generally available through measurements of isotope balance, because these different factors are interrelated. However, sea level changes can  sometimes be identified directly in the geological record: for example, datable cave encrustations which develop at sea levels (see Dorale and colleagues). This type of additional evidence ultimately helps sorts out the competing factors in establishing a more rigorous estimation of past temperature, sea level, or the amount of ice on the planet. Climate Change on Earth The following table lists a paleo-chronology of life on earth, including how the major cultural steps fit in, for the past 1 million years. Scholars have taken the MIS/OIS listing well beyond that. Table of Marine Isotope Stages MIS Stage Start Date Cooler or Warmer Cultural Events MIS 1 11,600 warmer the Holocene MIS 2 24,000 cooler last glacial maximum, Americas populated MIS 3 60,000 warmer upper Paleolithic begins; Australia populated, upper Paleolithic cave walls painted, Neanderthals disappear MIS 4 74,000 cooler Mt. Toba super-eruption MIS 5 130,000 warmer early modern humans (EMH) leave Africa to colonize the world MIS 5a 85,000 warmer Howiesons Poort/Still Bay complexes in southern Africa MIS 5b 93,000 cooler MIS 5c 106,000 warmer EMH at Skuhl and Qazfeh in Israel MIS 5d 115,000 cooler MIS 5e 130,000 warmer MIS 6 190,000 cooler Middle Paleolithic begins, EMH evolves, at Bouri and Omo Kibish in Ethiopia MIS 7 244,000 warmer MIS 8 301,000 cooler MIS 9 334,000 warmer MIS 10 364,000 cooler Homo erectus at Diring Yuriahk in Siberia MIS 11 427,000 warmer Neanderthals evolve in Europe. This stage is thought to be the most similar to MIS 1 MIS 12 474,000 cooler MIS 13 528,000 warmer MIS 14 568,000 cooler MIS 15 621,000 ccooler MIS 16 659,000 cooler MIS 17 712,000 warmer H. erectus at Zhoukoudian in China MIS 18 760,000 cooler MIS 19 787,000 warmer MIS 20 810,000 cooler H. erectus at Gesher Benot Yaaqov in Israel MIS 21 865,000 warmer MIS 22 1,030,000 cooler Sources Jeffrey Dorale of the University of Iowa. Alexanderson H, Johnsen T, and Murray AS. 2010.  Re-dating the Pilgrimstad Interstadial with OSL: a warmer climate and a smaller ice sheet during the Swedish Middle Weichselian (MIS 3)?  Boreas  39(2):367-376. Bintanja , R. North American ice-sheet dynamics and the onset of 100,000-year glacial cycles. Nature volume 454, R. S. W. van de Wal, Nature, August 14, 2008. Bintanja, Richard. Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels over the past million years. 437, Roderik S.W. van de Wal, Johannes Oerlemans, Nature, September 1, 2005. Dorale JA,  Onac  BP, Fornà ³s JJ, Ginà ©s J, Ginà ©s A, Tuccimei P, and Peate DW. 2010.  Sea-Level Highstand 81,000 Years Ago in Mallorca.  Science 327(5967):860-863. Hodgson DA, Verleyen E, Squier AH, Sabbe K, Keely BJ, Saunders KM, and Vyverman W. 2006.  Interglacial environments of coastal east Antarctica: comparison of MIS 1 (Holocene) and MIS 5e (Last Interglacial) lake-sediment records.  Quaternary Science Reviews  25(1–2):179-197. Huang SP, Pollack HN, and Shen PY. 2008.  A late Quaternary climate reconstruction based on borehole heat flux data, borehole temperature data, and the instrumental record.  Geophys Res Lett  35(13):L13703. Kaiser J, and Lamy F. 2010.  Links between Patagonian Ice Sheet fluctuations and Antarctic dust variability during the last glacial period (MIS 4-2).  Quaternary Science Reviews  29(11–12):1464-1471. Martinson DG, Pisias NG, Hays JD, Imbrie J, Moore Jr TC, and Shackleton NJ. 1987.  Age dating and the orbital theory of the ice ages: Development of a high-resolution 0 to 300,000-year chronostratigraphy.  Quaternary Research  27(1):1-29. Suggate RP, and Almond PC. 2005.  The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in western South Island, New Zealand: implications for the global LGM and MIS 2.  Quaternary Science Reviews  24(16–17):1923-1940.

History Of Genetic Engineering - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1468 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Science Essay Level High school Topics: Genetic Engineering Essay Did you like this example? HISTORY OF GENETIC ENGINEERING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Curiosity is one of the natures of mankind, it is to surprise that we ventured down the road of genetic engineering to find ways to make living easier for us. Genetic engineering has been occurring even far back to the Bible days without knowledge of it. Most people that are against genetic mutation, says it is trying to play God, same reason why those people are against plastic surgery. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History Of Genetic Engineering" essay for you Create order Genetic engineering is useful in many areas of ours, especially in Agriculture. Lets go back to his it all started, Farmers and scientists alike used to conduct selective breeding to create animal offsprings with the desired trait. Genetic engineering is similar, except, a fragment of the DNA with the desired trait is placed in a living organism to produce an entirely new organism. The standard used in genetic technology today was discovered more than a century ago. In 1859, Charles Darwin published the source of species which was one of the first articles hat gave extensive information on the topic of breeding in that generation (A brief history of genetic modification). In 1865 Gregor Mendel published his discovery of the breeding of peas, which became a base for the study of modern genetics, which furthered the advancement of the field.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A major discovery in recombinant DNA technology occurred in 1941 once George Beadle and E. L. Tatum managed to pin a factor defect to one purpose of origin within the organic chemistry pathway which might are applied by associate degree accelerator that was missing (A brief history of genetic modification). They managed to reinstate the normal growth of a mutant micro-organism by adding in the missing enzyme, proving that humans can correct gene defects by adding in the missing ingredient. Furthering the study of DNA in 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA which finally allowed the gene map to make sense to scientists (A brief history of genetic modification).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Then furthering the understanding of the genetic code in 1966 Marshall Nirenberg Har Gobind Khorana finished the unraveling of the genetic code. Then furthering the information of enzymes within the late Sixties Stewart Linn Werner Arber created the invention of restriction enzymes in E. coli. In 1973 Stanley Cohen and musician Boyer did the impossible (A temporary history of genetic modification). They fictional deoxyribonucleic acid biological research, which allowed genes to be transferred from one organism to another. Then in 1974 for the first time in human history Stanley Cohen, Annie Chang and Herbert Boyer created the first genetically modified organism. In response to the current event a conference was control within the us in 1975 wherever scientists met on the QT to deliberate however they must proceed with this discovery of new deoxyribonucleic acid technology, also to find a way to self-regulate the technology (A brief history of genetic modification).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To then further assist scientists in 1976 The National Institute of Health in the United States created guidelines on how genetic modification research was to be conducted. In 1977 Frederick Sanger developed chain termination deoxyribonucleic acid that enabled scientists to browse the ester sequence in an exceedingly deoxyribonucleic acid molecule (A temporary history of genetic modification). In 1980 the primary genetically changed mouse was created, and then in 1982 a giant mouse was produced by transferring growth hormones from a rat to the mouse. In 1983 Kary Mullis, who is a biochemist, created the polymerase chain reaction which is a technique which allowed scientist to recreate fractions of DNA at greater speeds than scientists may antecedently do (A temporary history of genetic modification). Kary Mullis was given the Nobel Prize for this invention in 1993. From the 1980s to the early 1990s China placed the first genetically modified crops on the market, whic h were a virus-resistant tobacco plant and a virus-resistant tomato plant. In 1982 Ralph Brinster and Richard Palmiter inserted the gene for the human growth hormone in the embryo of a mouse, which the resulting mouse was twice the size of the average adult mouse (A brief history of genetic modification). Richard Palmiter and Ralph Brinsters experiment with the mouse resulted in the fact that scientists can use mice to test genes and that fact has led to many scientist using mice to test genes for causes, and treatment options for numerous diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and sickle cell (The Transgenic Mouse). In the assistance of criminal apprehension genetic fingerprinting was developed in 1984 which allowed police to find and identify criminals by DNA they left at a crime scene or on a body. In 1985 the first genetically engineered domestic animal was produced, a pig (A brief history of genetic modification). In 1988 the first pharmaceutical producing genetically engineered plant was created. In 1989 data about the Beltsville pig was publicized. The Beltsville pig was a named after the agricultural research station in Maryland, USA. The genetically modified pig had a gene from human growth hormone and as a result of the gene suffered from a number of pathological conditions (A brief history of genetic modification). This example shows the danger of blending genes from totally different species because the result wont forever finish the means its desired to finish. In 1990 genetic modification created rennin, another name for rennin which is used to curdle milk, an enzyme used in making hard cheese (A brief history of genetic modification). In a substantial sure in human progress, in 1991 the primary factor medical care trials occurred on mortals. In 1993 the United States Food and Drug Administration approved Bovine somatotropin, a metabolic protein hormone which is used to increase milk production in dairy cows. Scientists were able to accomplish this by determining which gene in cattle controls the production of Bovine somatotropin, and they isolated this gene from cattle and injected it in a bacterium called Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli produce large amounts of bovine somatotropin which scientists purified and then injected into cattle allowing them to produce more milk (A brief history of genetic modification). At a business standpoint in 1994 the first genetically modified crop plant to be wide spread sold in the United States was the FlavrSavr transgenic tomato. In 1995 the BT potato plant, BT stands for Bactillus thuringiesis, was approved safe by the Environmental Protection Agency, which made the Bactillus thuringiensis potato the first pesticide producing crop to be sold on the market in the United States. In 1997 an announcement of the cloning of a transgenic lamb named Polly occurred. It was cloned with the cells engineered with a human gene and a marker gene. With this the cloning of a lamb was combined with genetic modification technology, which creates animals that produce a new protein (A brief history of genetic modification). Unfortunately in September of 1999 the first publicized patient death involved in gene therapy, where the death was caused by the gene therapy itself, was announced. In 2003 the human genome was sequenced (A brief history of genetic modification).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Major Benefits of genetic engineering include the creation of healthier food options, creating a cheaper and more abundant source of medicine, it also helps in the creation of new and helpful medication to the growing list of ailments in our world.   The agricultural is one of the major benefactors of genetic engineering. Due to the growing population, the demand for food crop has also increased, traditional plant breeding is no longer effective as it used to be. This is where genetic engineering helps out. Researches on plant DNA mutation has yielded in larger crop produce than before and also a variety of new species are formed. Genetic engineering of food has made it possible for the world to produce more food per inhabitant than ever before (Altieri). Genetically engineered bacteria and fungi also have great value in agriculture. Rhizobium, for example, are being applied to soil all over the world in place of expensive nitrogenous fertilizers to produce a large yield of legume crops. Several approaches are being considered to increase legume yields with genetically engineered Rhizobium. (Brill).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In summary, Genetic engineering ha quite a history and it is safe to say that quite a number of research has been done concerning genetic engineering. There should still me legal boundaries as to what can be experimented on, and the government should regulate studies done.Genetics mutation has the potential to change our world for good. WORKS CITED Altieri, Miguel A. Genetic engineering in agriculture: the myths, environmental risks, and alternatives. No. 1. Food First Books, 2004. A brief history of genetic modification. n.d. gmeducation.org. Web. 4 November 2013. .   Brill, Winston J. Safety concerns and genetic engineering in agriculture. Science 227 (1985): 381-385. Butcher, Mavis. Genetically Modified Food- GM Food List and Information. 22 September 2009. Disabled World. Web. 19 November 2013. Engdahl, Sylvia. Genetic Engineering. Detroit: GreenHaven Press, 2006. Print. Genetic Engineering. Inbreeding. Hybridization 10/23/2013. Selective Breeding vs. Genetic Engineering. Selective Breeding Recombinant DNA. PDF, DocPlayer, docplayer.net/27807986-Genetic-engineering-inbreeding-hybridization-10-23-2013-selective-breeding-vs-genetic-engineering-selective-breeding-recombinant-dna.html.

A Framework For Anti Oppressive Practice Of Social Work

Throughout this assignment I will Identity and critique relevant policies, values, theories and evidence underpinning Integrated care teams. I will reflect on major implications identified for service users and for the role and practice of social work. I will look at a framework for anti- oppressive practice of which would inform my intervention. A persistent theme of policy in the last forty years has been a concern that there would be an improvement in welfare services if statutory organisations co-operated with each other more efficiently. Although interest in joint working has changed over time, the reasons for this interest have remained consistent, ‘Rising demand for services, coupled with the need to reduce public expenditure provides compelling arguments for greater collaboration in the UK.’ (Rummery, K. 2009) In the 1970’s, England, Wales and Scotland the policy-makers focused ‘on developing mechanisms by which health and local authorities jointly planned services.’ (Hultberg, E.-L., et al. 2005) In the 1990’s attention focused on the ‘introduction of initiatives e.g. intermediate care services, conceived to improve the coordination of services in order to better the support available’ (Vaughan, B. and Lathlean, J. 1999) With policy favouring multi-disciplinary development, this would bring implications for the structure and practice of social work. The Health Act 1999 attempted to remove some of the obstacles that were perceived to hinder joint working − forShow MoreRelatedAnti Islam : Anti Oppressive Practice Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesGROUP WORK ASSIGNMENT ON: - ANTI-OPPRESSIVE PRACTICE Name – KOUSHIK MAHATO Enrolment No. - M2015CJ010 Course Teacher - Prof. BIPIN JOJO INTRODUCTION ‘Anti-Oppressive Practice’- is an umbrella term that encircles radical, structural, critical, feminist, liberal, anti-racist framework practice approaches. But it is not limited within those approaches. Anti-Oppressive social work is a practice represents the theories and approaches of social justice. Anti-Oppressive Practice (AOP) isRead MoreThe Legal Framework Within The Area Of Equal Opportunities1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe Legal Framework Within the Area of Equal Opportunities The legal framework within the region of the equal opportunities is aimed at encouraging recognition and banning any form of discrimination and its causes, it supports and puts in place progressive awareness of equality in the community. The law requires people to be given equal opportunities regardless of their personal characteristics and backgrounds. The Equal Opportunities Act 2010, brought together some anti discriminatory laws toRead MoreSocial Services And Social Work1538 Words   |  7 Pagescareer in social work due to personal experiences that have led them to a desire to help others. Ben Carniol, author of Case Critical: Social Services and Social Justice in Canada, is no exception to this. He brings years of experience to a new perspective on where social work is headed for this country. He discusses why anti-oppressive and progressive social work practice is effective, and vital for future success, what systemic and societal barriers stand in the way of said practice, and what stepsRead MoreCanadian Social Work Practice : A New Horizon Of Learning Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesCanadian Social Work Practice: A New Horizon of Learning My clear and definite understanding of critical theories and postmodern thoughts provides me significant and appropriate frameworks to practice as a progressive social worker in Canadian context (Morley, 2003). My exploration of reflective practice and the fundamentals of critical self reflection approach enhanced my understanding of specific client situations. Moreover, my learning about anti-racist and anti-oppressive practice helps meRead MoreSocial Education And The Competent Social Work Practitioner955 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Work Education and the Competent Social Work Practitioner Introduction Social work education needs to focus on teaching global issues and applying the structural and anti-oppressive principles of practice (Razack Badwell, 2006). According to Mohan (2005) stated by Razack Badwell (2006) that the social work profession seems to be silent to teach students to achieve adequate skills to think and act globally. This essay will be divided into five sections. The first section will brieflyRead MoreSocial Work And Its Impact On Society Essay1571 Words   |  7 PagesThe basis of social work in the society at large trying to manage the effects of poverty and inequality. Social work has a complex connection with charity work. Charity has been practicing provision of social welfare dating back in the ancient times. Religion played a major role in providing poor relief long before the establishment welfare systems. However social work has modern and scientific origins form the nineteenth century. Pre - Modern Social Work. Church provided social services for theRead MoreThe Social Work Of Canada997 Words   |  4 Pages Social work is represented and recognized as a caring profession all over the world. Canada has a social work history which is same as Western social work. The Canadian social work profession has undergone too many changes to cope with the changing needs of the population. The social work domain welcomed new theories and approaches which shaped the modern social work profession as seen today. However, current social work practice needs a transformation in order to better address the diverse populationRead MoreOppression Within The Social Workers976 Words   |  4 PagesSocial workers are often on the forefront in the fight against any form of oppression as against the marginalized society. These demanding but oftentimes unappreciated efforts are often addressed through the conscious use of skills and knowledge of the problems being solved against. When such oppression is however committed against them within the organization where they work, the social worker seems to be mum about t he situation, or their efforts perhaps are rendered inutile. North America socialRead MoreThe Recording Aspect Of The Taping Assignment Allowed Me1257 Words   |  6 Pagesadvocacy is flexible and open ended and allows for others to speak their minds, without having to be so perfect.In real life, it is not about have a perfect ‘A’ paper but rather it is more about orally presenting it in front of others - especially in social work where we deal with interacting with individuals on a ground level. After listening to the recording again, I realized that I was spitting out information that I had researched in advance. I used Google Search Engine to define words from in the interviewRead MoreWhat is Sociology?1169 Words   |  5 Pages . Introduction Sociology is described by Layder (2006, p.1) as being â€Å"How the encounters of everyday life and individual behaviour influence, and are influenced by, the wider social environment in which we live† Bauman May (2001. p.1) describe a visual image of the output of sociology, as being a â€Å"collection of books in a library†. The discussion within this collection broadly follows main concepts and perspectives, with many authors, but also of key peer tested Authors. I will initially

International Food and Agribusiness Management Association

Question: Describe about the International Food and Agribusiness Management Association? Answer: Introduction The study is based on the article International Mergers and Acquisitions: Past, Present, and Future by Ghauri and Buckley. The main purpose of this research study is to evaluate the change in merger and acquisitions in the international market for the past decade. The issues discussed in this article are the valuation and motives at the pre-merger stage and integrating and performance is evaluating at the post-merger stage. The main reasons for the motives of the international MA are to achieve economies of the scale either by acquiring of one company by another or by merging two companies. The authors while writing this article used several relevant sources like books, journals, newspaper articles, etc (Karhen.home.xs4all.nl, 2015). Research Questions The main research questions discussed in this article are- Why MA activity experiences growth as well as downfall (merger waves)? What are the motives of international MA? Is MA a right choice for a company? What are the tactics and evaluation of MA? What are the impact of MA on the companys strategies and the society? (Czinkota, Ronkainen Moffett, 2011) Literature Framework In the article, the authors firstly give a brief overview on MA and the way it is used by different companies. Then the three types of MA, horizontal, vertical and conglomerate MA is defined. The authors further explain the growth as well as the downfall of the MA activity from 1898 to 2000 in the US industry. Then the authors explain the different motives for the MAQs. In this part, the authors elaborate the methods of takeovers using the simple formula to capitalize future income. The authors have determined why MAs are the right choice for a company considering a global expansion. Then the research study explains tactics and evaluation of the MA strategies in a company. The impact of the MA activities on the strategies of the company is then evaluated. Finally, the impact of the MA activities on the society at large is elaborated. The authors were clear in their analysis and gave a straightforward idea about the MA activities throughout a certain time frame ('Merger and acquisitio n roundup', 2011). Theoretical Framework The theories evaluated in this article are related to the merger and acquisitions of companies in the international market. Mergers are defined as the takeover process where two companies merge into one single company. Acquisition one the other hand is the type of takeover process when one company acquires the ownership and all business activities of another company. MAs can be both friendly and hostile based on the market scenario. The fact that MAs are the right choice is evaluated by explaining the mechanisms of joint ventures as well as wholly owned subsidiary companies. The valuation of the MAs faces multiple problems that are disparities in profit maximization and loss of shareholder' interests (Dlabay Scott, 2011). Conclusion Thus, the article focused on the effectiveness of MAs in companies and the way it influences the profitability and market value of the company. It also defines the way MAs, influences the companys business activities, shareholders interest and the global market in general. Reed, M., Babool, M. (2003). Factors Affecting International Mergers and Acquisitions. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 6(4), 64-75. Introduction The study is based on the article Factors Affecting International Mergers and Acquisitions by Reed and Babool. The article focused on the factors that describe both inward and outward MA activity for the US. The purpose of this research study was to focus on the concept of international merger and acquisitions in the food processing industry. The issues based on the research topic are the way foreign direct investment or FDI is made in the US food and agriculture industry in the form of MA. The authors while preparing this article seek help from multiple journal articles, newspaper articles, and websites (Ifama.org/files/Reed.pdf, 2015). Research Questions The main research questions discussed in this article are- What are purposes of inward and outward MA for a country? What are the variables used in MA activity? How are the variables used in the US's food and beverage industry? What role do FDI plays in any international MA? (Peng Meyer, 2011) Literature Framework The purposes of inward and outward MA for a country are discussed by elaborating the investment strategy in MA where one country is a recipient country, and another one is the sending country. The recipient country is the country from where the subsidiary company (inward part of investment activity) belongs. Sending country is the country where investing or holding firm (inward part of investment activity) belongs. Then the factors like interest rate and exchange rate that influences the MA activity in US's food, tobacco, and beverage industry are discussed. The way inflow and outflow of FDI strengthen the national, as well as international economy, is finally explained in this article. The authors were clear in their analysis but over emphasized on the benefits of the MA activities in the US food industry (Susnjara, 2011). Theoretical Framework The theories evaluated in this article are related to the merger and acquisitions of firms mainly in the US market. The authors have used numerical data that showed the growth in MA in various countries from 1990 to 1999 and the way each country gained from both inward and outward investment flow in the MA activity. The further evaluated the work of other authors who have used financial management theories like capital budgeting model. They used regression to evaluate the effect of several international trade variables like stock market movements, interest rate and exchange rate on the MA activities. Relevant data were collected for the regression methods like t-ratio method and OLS regression method and then the results were evaluated (S., 2011). Calculation The article mainly focused on the inward and outward flow of foreign investment in a country. Then the three variables (stock market movements, interest rate, and exchange rate) are analyzed. The effect of the MA activity on US's food industry was shown. The author believed that through their research work emphasis on the international MA will be made and the way it will shape up the future position of the global market. International MA activity indeed is a prime focus of the international business. References Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I., Moffett, M. (2011).International business. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Dlabay, L., Scott, J. (2011).International business. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Ifama.org/files/Reed.pdf,. (2015).International Food and Agribusiness Management Association - International Food and Agribusiness Association. Retrieved 2 October 2015, from https://www.ifama.org/ Karhen.home.xs4all.nl,. (2015).Index of //Papers/2/International%20mergers%20and%20acquisitions%20-%20Past,%20present%20and%20future.pdf. Retrieved 2 October 2015, from https://karhen.home.xs4all.nl/ Merger and acquisition roundup. (2011).Metal Powder Report,66(6), 6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(12)70005-x Peng, M., Meyer, K. (2011).International business. London: Cengage Learning. S., B. (2011). A Risk Management Model for Merger and Acquisition.Int. J. Eng. Bus. Manag., 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50935 Susnjara, J. (2011).Essays on international acquisitions.