Ten Year War Cuba Essay Example For Students

Ten Year War Cuba Essay Conclusion Though its immediate effect is mostly symbolic, U.S./Cuba policy in 1998 reflects a positive shift in attitudes amongst the leaders of Cuba and the U. S. Many would argue that only the lifting of the embargo completely would serve as redemption for a mislead American foreign policy. And then again, many others would argue that softening the terms of the embargo only further strengthens the Castro regime. The debate is far from over and the solution is very unclear, but there certainly are recognizable indicators that we can allude to and build assumptions. One, is the growing global marketplace. This driver acts as a facilitator of reform by inspiring the individuals and leaders of Cuba and the U.S. to seek relationships outside of their immediate borders. We will write a custom essay on Ten Year War Cuba specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The U.S. stands as the lone holdout in the growing number of countries linked to Cuba through trade relationships. We are pressured by the WTO, GATT, OAS, Mercursor, FTA, and a growing number of regional and international trade organizations to allow some form of trade relationship with Cuba. Not that the U.S. is opposed to unilateral actions, but opposed to free tradenot likely. There is a growing populace of businesses within the U. S. that are lobbying for trade with Cuba. They wish to explore Cuba for oil, utilize its skilled workforce, and open hotels. Unfortunately, because of domestic issues, the present U. S. administration stands powerless to further change our policy in Cuba. As Presidents have increasingly linked foreign policy with trade on the bi-partisan level, we can expect to see a continuation of this trend. Second, Time. The Cold War is over and slowly the wounds are disappearing. No longer does Cuba represent an ideological or military threat to the U.S.. Embargoes are implemented and maintained in countries that fear military attack. With Castros dwindling resources and increasingly smaller number of soldiers, it is fair to say that Cuba represents no threat to the U.S.. Another function of time can be witnessed in the population of Miami, were the majority of Cubans are now American born. These American born Cubans have never lived in Cuba, nor have they experienced any facet of the revolution first hand. They have integrated into American society and possess no ill will towards Fidel Castro. Third, Communication and Travel. Last year, tourism put $1 billion dollars in the hands of Cuban business owners. Tourists, even American, have been flocking to the picturesque island in record numbers. The second most popular small Latin American country was Costa Rica! These tourists have reported that although Cuba is communist, the people are friendly and hospitable. As this ever-increasing number of tourists travel to Cuba, they take with them ideas and values which they share amongst the Cuban people. This type of relationship building allows the Cuban a view of the world outside of communism. Also, with the rise in popularity of the internet, one can e-mail a Cuban national with the click of a button. For those in Cuba that have access to the internet, information on any subject is there for the taking. Lets not forget the old fashioned means of communication which is also now available in Cubathe phone. President Clinton approved a bill in the January that allows for direct phone calls to Cuba. With all of these drivers of change rapidly shaping our relationship with Cuba, it seems to be only a matter of time before Americans will be allowed to enter Cuba and enjoy its beauty again. John Quincy Adams may have been correct in 1823 when he predicted that Cuba would gravitate naturally towards the U.S. .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b , .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b .postImageUrl , .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b , .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b:hover , .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b:visited , .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b:active { border:0!important; } .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b:active , .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uec014b954ba69b70e7e944d8f8ce113b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: After the Civil War ended, chaos engulfed the stat EssayBut, he certainly didnt know that it would be such a bumpy ride.

Flying Tired Essays - Circadian Rhythm, Sleep, Fatigue, Shift Work

Flying Tired Essays - Circadian Rhythm, Sleep, Fatigue, Shift Work Flying Tired CHAPTER I Introduction Pilots today are working in a 24-hour a day industry. The potential for error when working during the night is higher than working during the day. Humans have an internal clock that prefers you sleep at night; so working at night is a valid safety issue. Pilots today should be considered as shift workers, their schedules can be from early morning one day until the early morning of the next day and any combination in between. The fact that they deal with weather and operational delays can extend their workday by many hours. Many pilots also are flying through different time zones and can end up starting work as the sun rises and then finishing up just in time to get to bed when the sun is rising at the destination time zone. This creates a problem for the body, which resists sleep during the day light hours. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has put regulations on the aviation operators who schedule pilots in an attempt to allow adequate rest for them. Over the last 40 years we have learned much through scientific studies, which have shown that the actual time off required by the regulations, may not allow the proper sleep needed to prevent fatigue. Fortunately the studies have given many helpful strategies for pilots to be self-disciplined, which will reduce the fatigue and increase the quality of sleep obtained. CHAPTER II Night Flying; Shift work for pilots The typical 9:00 to 5:00 workday does not apply to most pilots. Today most of the activities people are engaged in are conducted during daylight hours, whether it is business or social engagements, the reason is, that is how we are designed. The typical person will sleep during the night hours. As with many transportation modes flying is among the ones conducted at night. Though most commercial passenger flights are between 6:00 am and 11:00 PM, the work required to accomplish this is a 24-hour business. For example a pilot having a 6:00 am departure will need to wake-up as early as 3:00 am to make the flight. A pilot who wakes at 3:00 am will have one hour to shower, have a couple of cups of coffee, pack for the trip, and accomplish all the other normal activities prior to leaving for work. This would allow one hour for the drive or commute to work. The hour needed for the drive to work would obviously vary depending on your home location, but the majority of pilots work in larger c itys that will have a heavier traffic level, as in the Los Angeles area where gridlock and bumper-to-bumper traffic is generally experienced on the 405 Highway at 4:00am. You would also need to plan for at least a 10-minute time frame to park and walk to the flight area. This would put you at work 1 hour before take-off time, which is normally required of commercial pilots. Although flying commercial passengers still requires you to awake early it is nothing compared to flying freight, which is conducted almost entirely at night. For example think about Fed Ex, they have delivery people picking packages up all day long and eventually transport it to the airport in the early evenings at which time the flight transports it to the next city where the drivers load their truck for the days deliveries. As a result most freight flying activities are done during night hours. Though pilots can work various shifts we will break them down to the three most common. The first one will be the day shift say from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM, the second one will be the night shift commonly from 4:00 pm to midnight, and the last one we will call the graveyard shift from midnight to 8:00 am. Nychthemeral it the term used for a combination shift of both day and night. Most common night and graveyard shifts fall into this category, (Akerstedt, 1989). Pilots not only must contend with the required shift-work times, they must also take into consideration a couple of other factors they face. One is that pilots must be able to extend their work time for weather and other delays common to aviation. Another factor is that they

Discussion Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Discussion Questions - Assignment Example This is the reason why you find that almost every business has to utilize the services of marketing professionals in one way or another. It is a known fact that the success of any business is directly related with the impact made by its marketers, and this includes analyses of consumers and markets, to the real adverts and sale of products. Successful businesses which are industry leaders in their own right have been found to have all of them dynamic and successful marketing teams. Another reason for studying marketing is that it aids transactions to take place. Products as we know, do not sell themselves. This means that good marketing informs and educates consumers so as to enable them look for the products they require, make better decisions about the same and get the most value out of these products. In so doing, marketing assists in exchanges between sellers and buyers, creating mutual benefit for both parties. Thus apart from basically understanding the role of marketing, in business, there is more to it such as the tremendous impact it has on society. Delivering of value is another very important reason for studying marketing. Marketing does not only deliver value to the customers, but also translates this value into the value of the organization as it creates a customer base that is reliable and leads to an increase in a firm’s sales leading to more profitability. Thus marketing delivers value to both the firm and the customer. 2. Management in marketing involves formulation of an organizational marketing strategy. Thus together with the support of the marketing and sales team, a marketing professional can estimate product demand and identify markets for the firm’s services and products. Thus management in marketing as a discipline involves practical application of techniques of marketing together with the management of an organization’s activities and resources. Management in marketing therefore involves influencing the

Nas Airlines and Caterpillar Inc Research Proposal

Nas Airlines and Caterpillar Inc - Research Proposal Example Currently, there is no specialized provider of such a service, a situation that presents a robust business opportunity. If implemented, the proposal will make air travel by Flynas much more convenient as passengers will enjoy a one-stop for travel and cover. Flynas is Saudi Arabia’s first and only budget airline offering domestic and international flights. The company’s head office is in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Flynas was founded in 2007 as Nas Air and commenced operations in February of the year. Until the establishment of Nas Air, Saudi Arabian Airlines, the national carrier, was the only airline in the country. In November 2013, Nas Air rebranded to Flynas. Currently, Flynas makes 950 flights a week to several destinations around the world. As of November 2013, the airline had carried a total of 12 million customers, 3 million of them in the ten months ending November 2013. The airline, following its rebranding, targets to have carried 20 million customers by 2020 (Shane, 2013). Flynas did not offer international flights until 2009. Sharm el Sheikh and Assiut in Egypt became the airline’s first international destinations in 2009. A major milestone in the growth of Flynas came in February 2014 when the airline launched its Global Flight Routes program. The aims of the program were to provide affordable flights between the Saudi Arabian city of Jeddah and specified cities in Africa, Asia and Europe and to fly religious tourists to Saudi Arabia. Under the program, Flynas became the first airline to offer low-cost flights between Saudi Arabia and the UK with the launch of the Jeddah-London Gatwick route in April 2014. The route was the airline’s first long-haul route to Europe. The airline’s other long-haul services included those to Manchester, Islamabad, Casablanca, Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur. Medium-haul routes included Riyadh-Karachi and Riyadh-Lahore. However, in October 2014, Flynas announced the cancellation of most of its

Stock and Commodity Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stock and Commodity Markets - Essay Example With globalisation, MNCs began to explore the markets outside there domestic grounds. Stock and commodities market too are being made attractive by respective governments, which is also resulting in wealth creation for the citizens and companies alike. If used judiciously, 'Stock and commodity trading' greatly helps in tapping resources for developmental projects, welfare schemes and other such nation building exercises. In order to leverage the economies of scale at different locations, such companies try to set up some of their operations at different locations. Moreover, with the advancement in ICT, global distances have tended to become smaller while the world is gradually being seen as a global village. Bracken (2004) underlines that it was since early 1990s when the term 'Globalization' became a catch phrase as it started entering into all walks of life even in developing economies. Libya doesn't have a well defined stock market as Colonel Muammar Qaddafi thought it against the vision of applied socialism and popular democracy (CountryWatch, 2007). But now with the emergence of his son Seif al-Islam on the horizon, there are talks of a new vision. Libya has the largest reserve of crude oil, but despite such a great wealth and a population of just about 6 Million the country could not progress much during all these years (The Economist, 2007). A well regulated trading as such helps in stabilizing market prices for both buyers and sellers. For example a farmer growing mango crop can enter into a contract with a juice making company or a retailer prior to the growing season to pre-sell his mango crop at an agreed-upon price. This way the farmer is also assured of a minimum price for his crop, whatever the circumstances are, in the coming months. On the other hand the juice making company is also assured of a minimum level of supply for the company which helps in preparing long term plans and pricing strategies. Similarly if a listed company requires money fo r expansion or diversification, the company can tap the stock market for borrowing enough money. The borrowed money in turn earns some interests for the lender, which helps in creating wealth for the lender. Stock markets provide an opportunity even to individual and smaller investors to lend their money this way and thus they are also able to create wealth. The wealth created this way helps in encouraging the consumer market as demands for goods and other commodities increases subsequently. Therefore, the cycle helps in boosting the morale of investors and financial institutions, which in turn helps the economy of the nation. Examples of fast developing economies like India and China together with well developed markets like US and UK are good examples of the role of stock and commodities markets in nation building. Middle East and North Africa too have been identified as potential growth oriented zones on account of sweeping reforms in some countries of the region. Except Libya an d Syria the European Union has recently concluded bilateral association agreements with all states bordering the Mediterranean (Euromonitor, 2007). Dissertation Objectives The dissertation in general aims to; i. Establish a well studied relationship between the stock market trends, the commodity markets and the economies of nations. These effects have become of particular significance in view of the fast spreading effects of

Understanding Linear Cryptanalysis

Understanding Linear Cryptanalysis Dipanjan Bhowmik Abstract The objective of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the Linear Cryptanalysis Attack developed by M.Matsui [2]. This paper has been written after going through noted literature in this field and has been structured in such a way that a beginner in this field would be able to understand the idea with little prior knowledge. The paper describes a simple cipher and then applies Linear Cryptanalysis to break it. The cipher has been intentionally taken to be very simple so that a beginner can actually implement it and get an actual feel of the attack. The paper also describes all the algorithms involved in this attack again with the intention of letting a beginner actually realize the attack. Keywords: Linear Cryptanalysis, Linear Approximation Table, s-box, Toy cipher, Parity. Introduction: If one feeds a random input with a particular property into a magic box and can guess the corresponding property in the output, the magic box is some what linear. For example imagine that the box takes an input and adds one to it. Now, let’s say that the property which is looked at is whether the input/output is even. By feeding it an input, one knows the property will be opposite in the output every single time. In other words, adding one to an even number will always produce an odd number and vice versa. This magic box will be completely linear with respect to divisibility by 2. In an iterative cipher, substitution box(s) (S-Box(s)) add non linearity to it. Ideally, an s-box should receive an input with property X and output a number that has property Y exactly 50% of the time. The property, which is being looked at in Linear Cryptanalysis is Parity. Definition Parity: It is a Boolean value (a 0 or a 1), that we get if we perform an XOR operation on some or all of the bits of a number expressed in binary form. The bits that are being XORed together is defined by another number called the mask. The mask lets us to ignore some of the bits of the input while calculating the parity. In order to calculate the parity, the mask value it bitwise ANDed with the input value, the bits of the resultant is then taken and XORed together to obtain the parity. Generating Linear Approximation Tables (LATs): The masked input parity concept is used to find linearity in the S-boxes. Every single combination of input mask vs. output mask has to be tested for all possible inputs. Basically we will take an input value, mask it using an input mask and obtain its parity (Input Parity). Next, we will take the original input, run it through the S-box and mask it with 6the output mask. We then compute its parity (Output Parity). If they match, then we know that the combination of input and output mask holds true for that input. After doing this for every possible input against every possible pair of input/output masks, we have made a table called the Linear Approximation Table. Each entry in the table is a number indicating the number of times a specific input/output mask pair holds true when tested against all possible inputs. For example, if a certain S-box takes 4 bit inputs and produce 4 bit output, then the LAT will be of dimension 16 x 16 and each entry will range from 0 to 16, indicating th e number of successful matches between input and output parity. Algorithm 1: Algorithm for generating Linear Approximation Table For i=0 to 2m -1 For j=0 to 2n -1 For k=0 to 2m -1 If Parity (k AND i) =Parity(S-box[k] AND j) then LAT[i][j] à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦LAT[i][j] +1 Where, LAT is a 2-D array of size m x m. Parity () is a function that computes the parity of the given input. M is the total number of bits fed as input to the S-box. N is the total number of bits produced as output by the S-box. I ranges from 0 to 2m -1 , it represents all possible input masks. J ranges from 0 to 2n-1 representing all possible output masks. K ranges from 0 to 2m -1, it represents all possible inputs to S-box. Let us assume an S-box that takes 4 bit inputs and produces 4 bit output. Both the input and output ranges from 0 to 15. Such a S-box is injective in nature. For such an S-box, the algorithm to generate the Linear Approximation Table is modified as following: Algorithm 2: Algorithm for generating Linear Approximation Table for the S-box given in Fig 1. For i=0 to 15 For j=0 to 15 For k=0 to 15 If Parity (k AND i) =Parity(S-box[k] AND j) then LAT[i][j]à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ LAT[i][j] +1 In this case, the LAT generated is of dimension 16 x 16.The following table depicts the Linear Approximation Table generated for the S-box given in fig. 1 using algorithm 2. Similarly, the LAT for any of the DES S-box can also be generated, For DES S-box; the algorithm is modified as the following: Algorithm 3: Algorithm for generating LAT for DES S-Box. For i=0 to 15 For j=0 to 63 For k=0 to 15 If Parity (k AND i) =Parity(S-box[k] AND j) then LAT[i][j] à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦AT[i][j] +1 In this case, the LAT is of dimension 16 x 64, the reason being DES S-box takes 4 bit input and produces 6 bit output. Piling Up Principle One of the fundamental tools used for linear cryptanalysis is the Piling Up Principle. Let us conceder two random binary variables X1 and X2, and let us assume And Then, the probability of the relationship X1(+)X2 will be That is, X1 (+) X2 will be 0 when X1=X2 i.e. when both X1 and X2 are 0 and both X1 and X2 are 1. And X1 (+) X2 will be 1 when X1≠  X2 i.e. when X1=0 and X2=1 or X1=1 and X2=0. Accordingly probabilities are computed, assuming X1 and X2 are independent. We are particularly interested in deviation of the probability from  ½, so, let us consider p1=1/2+ ÃŽ µ1 and p2=1/2+ÃŽ µ2, where ÃŽ µ1 and ÃŽ µ2 are the deviation of p1 and p2 from respectively from  ½ and are referred to as probability bias. Now, P(X1 (+) X2=0)=(1/2 + ÃŽ µ1).(1/2+ÃŽ µ2) + (1-(1/2+ÃŽ µ1)).(1-(1/2+ÃŽ µ2)) =1/2+2.ÃŽ µ1.ÃŽ µ2 So, probability bias of X1 (+) X2 is given by ÃŽ µ1,2=2.ÃŽ µ1.ÃŽ µ2 Generally, if X1,X2,†¦Xn are n independent random binary variables, then the probability of X1 (+) X2 (+) †¦(+) Xn=0 is given by the Piling Up Lemma. P( X1 (+) X2 (+) †¦Xn =0) =  ½ + 2 n-1 . ∠i=1†¦n ÃŽ µi†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(1) And the probability bias of (+) X2 (+) †¦(+) Xn=0 is given by ÃŽ µ1†¦n=2 n-1 . ∠i=1†¦n ÃŽ µi Note that, P( X1 (+) X2 (+) †¦Xn =0) =  ½, if there exist some ÃŽ µi such that ÃŽ µi=0 or pi=1/2. And P( X1 (+) X2 (+) †¦Xn =0) = 0 or 1, if for all ÃŽ µi, ÃŽ µi=+1/2 or -1/2 respectively or pi=0 or 1 respectively. Attacking a Toy Cipher Let us consider a toy cipher that takes 4 bit input goes through two iterations of key addition and block substitution and yields a 4 bit output. The following figure diagrammatically represents the toy cipher. P1, P2, P3, P4 represents the 4 bit plain text C1, C2, C3, C4 represents 4 bit cipher text. K0, K1, K2 are 4 bit sub keys Total key length is of 12 bits. The cipher uses two identical S-boxes, which is same as the S-box described earlier. The following algorithm implements the toy cipher Algorithm 4: Implementing Toy Cipher Kye[]à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦{k0,k1,k2} Sbox[]=à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦{E,4,D,1,2,F,B,8,A,6,C,5,9,0,7} For i=0 to 15// 16 possible inputs { p=i For j= 0 to 1// 2 iterations pà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦Sbox [ p (+) Key[j]] C[i]à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ p (+) Key[2] //final key whitening step } The toy cipher yields the following output when Key[]à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦{B,7,F} The first step towards attacking the cipher begins by obtaining an equation of the form X1 (+) X2 (+)†¦(+) Xn =0. Such an expression can be obtained using Linear Approximation Table. In our example P(LAT[F][A])=12/16 or equivalently Bias( LAT[F][A})=4/16,k where F is the input mask and A is the output mask. It should be noted that although LAT[0][0]=16 but it cannot be used. Let Uij demote the jth input of ith S-Box and Vij denote the jth output of the ith S-Box. So, P(U11 (+) U12 (+) U13 (+) U14 =V11 (+) V13)= 12/16 Let Kij denote the jth bit of the ith sub key, then U11 = P1 (+) K01, U12 =P2 (+) K02, U13 = P3 (+) K03, and U14 = P4 (+) K04, where Pi denotes the ith plain text bit. Therefore, P( P1 (+) K01 (+) P2 (+) K02 (+) P3 (+) K03 (+) P4 (+) K04 = V11 (+) V13)) = 12/16 orP ( P1 (+) P2 (+) P3 (+) P4 (+) ∑K0 = V11 (+) V13) = 12/ 16 Since, U21 = V11 (+) K11 or, V11 = U21 (+) K11 and U23 = V23 (+) K13 or, V13 = U23 (+) K13 Hence, P (P1 (+) P2 (+) P3 (+) P4 (+)∑K0 = U21 (+) K11 (+)U23 (+) K13) = 12/ 16 or, P (P1 (+) P2 (+) P3 (+) P4 (+)∑K0 (+) K11 (+) K13 = U21 (+)U23) = 12/ 16 Let us assume K=∑K0 (+) K11 (+) K13, which can either be 0 or 1 Therefore, P (P1 (+) P2 (+) P3 (+) P4 (+) K= U21 (+)U23) = 12/ 16 Or,P (P1 (+) P2 (+) P3 (+) P4 = U21 (+)U23) = Now, as we have obtained a linear expression with a relatively high probability bias, we would now partially decrypt the cipher text to obtain U2 (input to the 2nd S-Box). The following algorithm does this. Algorithm 5: Partially decrypting the cipher text C[] à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ { 3,B,6,D,1,7,F,2,4,9,E,5,8,A,C,0} Isbox[] à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ {E,3,4,6,1,C,A,F,7,D,9,6,B,2,0,5} For k=0 to 15 {pro[k]à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ 0 For I = 0 to 15 {pdc [k][i] à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ isbox [ C[i] (+) k] If Parity (pdc[k][i] AND A) = Parity ( I AND F) then pro[k] à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ pro[k] +1 } } It should be noted that Parity (pdc[k][i] AND A) = Parity ( I AND F) is the algorithmic implementation of P1 (+) P2 (+) P3 (+) P4 (+) = U21 (+) U23. Since, bit wise ANDing retrieves the required bits when ANDed with a mask having 1 in the required position in its binary equivalent. The algorithm yields the following probabilities. From the result we observe that probability when key=F is 12/16 which matches with our expected probability, there by indicating that K2=F. It should be noted that in our example, it so happened that there is only one candidate for K2, but generally there may be more than one candidate and all of then should be given due consideration. For the next round, we use the partially decrypted cipher text with respect to key =F as the cipher text and perform the procedure defined as algorithm 5. That is , now C[]à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦{B,1,D,4,0,7,E,2,6,A,3,9,F,C,8,5} The output yielded at this point is given below. At this time we are comparing the plain text block P1, P2, P3, P4 to the input of the first S-Box i.e. U1, U2, U3, U4, so the expected probability is computed as P( P1 (+) P2 (+) P3 (+) P4 = P1 (+) P2 (+) P3 (+) P4) =1 Or, P( P1 (+) P2 (+) P3 (+) P4 = P1 (+) P2 (+) P3 (+) P4 (+) ∑K0) = Or, P( P1 (+) P2 (+) P3 (+) P4 = P1 (+) K01 (+) P2 (+) K02 (+) P3 (+) K03 (+) P4 (+) K04) = Or, P( P1 (+) P2 (+) P3 (+) P4 = U11 (+) U12 (+) U13 (+) U14) = The expected probability match4es with the observed probability for sub key K1= 7. Therefore with high degree of certainty, K1=7. So, we retain the partially decrypted cipher text for sub key =7, which is contained in pdc[7][i] for i=0 to 15. The partially cipher text for sub key =7 is given in the following table. Now, in order to obtain the sub key K0, we need simply to choose any pair of plain text and partially decrypted cipher text and perform a bitwise XOR operation. Say, we choose (4,F), then 4 (+) F = B, So, K0=B. Thus, the actual key ={B, 7, F}, which is the key we originally used in our example toy cipher. It should be noted that, at every step of our attack, we obtain unique sub key values that matches our expected probability, which may not be the case all the time. And in such situations where multiple sub keys matches the expected probability we need to consider each of these sub keys. Observations If the Linear Approximation Table (LAT) has an entry such that Bias (LAT[i][j])| =1/2 (50%) and i=j, then the S-box is prone to Linear attack. So, such an S-box is a strict no for any cipher If the Linear Approximation Table has entries such that |Bias(LAT[i][j])| =1/2 and | Bias (LAT[j][k])| =  ½ where i ≠  j ≠ k , then such a cipher is also susceptible to Linear Attack. If |Bias(LAT[i][j])| =  ½ where i≠ j and there is no pair such that |Bias(LAT[i][j])|=1/2 and |Bias(LAT[j][k])|=1/2 where i ≠  j ≠ k , then after a certain number of iterations, Linear Cryptanalysis becomes ineffective. The observation is illustrated using the following graph. Conclusion As the number of iterations of an iterative cipher increases and observations 1 and 2 does not hold, Linear Cryptanalysis becomes increasingly less effective. References: Heys,H.M,2002,†A Tutorial on Linear And Differential Cryptanalysis†, Cryptologia,XXV(3),189-221. Matsui, M.,1994,†Linear Cr4yptanalysis Method For DES Cipher†, Advance in Cryptlogy-EUROCRYPT’93, Springer-Verlag,386-397. Jakobson, B.T.,Abyar, M.,Nordholt, P.S.,2006,†Linear And Differential Cryptanalysis† Paar, C., Pelzl, J.,2010,Understanding Cryptography.Berlin:Springer-Nerlag.

AdoLf HitLer :: essays research papers

Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau, Austria, a small town across the Inn River from Germany. Right after the birth of Adolf, his father, Alois Hitler, moved their family to Linz, Austria. Hitler was a good student at first while attending school in Luniz, but as he went to high school he became a very poor student.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1907, Adolf went to Vienna Austria, in an effort to fulfill one of his dreams, and that dream was to become an artist, his attempt to become an artist ended when he failed the entrance exam to get into the Academy of Fine Arts. When Adolf’s mother died he continued to live in Vienna. Adolf decided to try to take the entrance exam again a year later and he fail it again. At this time Hitler was very troubled disappointed (Keesee 10). Hitler started to live in cheep apartment rooms, and sometimes even on park benches, and often had to get his meals from charity kitchens. During Adolf’s time he spent in Vienna, he learned to hate non-Germans. Hitler was a German-speaking Austrian and considered himself German. Hitler ridiculed the Austrian government for recognizing Bowers 2 eight different languages and believed that no government could last if they treated all ethnic groups the same (20). In 1913 Hitler went to Munich, Germany and when World War I began in 1914, he volunteered to be in the German army. When World War I ended Hitler was hospitalized and recovering from temporary blindness which was probably caused by a poison gas attack (30).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The country was now bankrupted because of the funding of the war, and millions of people were unemployed. In 1920, Hitler joined the National Socialist German Workers Party, which were known as the Nazis. The Nazis called for all Germans, even Germans that were in other countries, so they could unite into one nation. They wanted the treaty of Versailles to be cancelled. Hitler moved up to the leader of the Nazi party and built up his membership quickly, mostly because of his powerful speaking ability (Lutzer 8).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hitler organized am army for the Nazi party and called them the Storm Troopers which were also known as â€Å"Brown Shirts†. They were usually called upon to fight groups that were tying to break up the Nazi rallies (25).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bowers 3 On November 9, 1923, Hitler led more than 2,000 Storm Troopers on a march to seize the Bavarian government. AdoLf HitLer :: essays research papers Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau, Austria, a small town across the Inn River from Germany. Right after the birth of Adolf, his father, Alois Hitler, moved their family to Linz, Austria. Hitler was a good student at first while attending school in Luniz, but as he went to high school he became a very poor student.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1907, Adolf went to Vienna Austria, in an effort to fulfill one of his dreams, and that dream was to become an artist, his attempt to become an artist ended when he failed the entrance exam to get into the Academy of Fine Arts. When Adolf’s mother died he continued to live in Vienna. Adolf decided to try to take the entrance exam again a year later and he fail it again. At this time Hitler was very troubled disappointed (Keesee 10). Hitler started to live in cheep apartment rooms, and sometimes even on park benches, and often had to get his meals from charity kitchens. During Adolf’s time he spent in Vienna, he learned to hate non-Germans. Hitler was a German-speaking Austrian and considered himself German. Hitler ridiculed the Austrian government for recognizing Bowers 2 eight different languages and believed that no government could last if they treated all ethnic groups the same (20). In 1913 Hitler went to Munich, Germany and when World War I began in 1914, he volunteered to be in the German army. When World War I ended Hitler was hospitalized and recovering from temporary blindness which was probably caused by a poison gas attack (30).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The country was now bankrupted because of the funding of the war, and millions of people were unemployed. In 1920, Hitler joined the National Socialist German Workers Party, which were known as the Nazis. The Nazis called for all Germans, even Germans that were in other countries, so they could unite into one nation. They wanted the treaty of Versailles to be cancelled. Hitler moved up to the leader of the Nazi party and built up his membership quickly, mostly because of his powerful speaking ability (Lutzer 8).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hitler organized am army for the Nazi party and called them the Storm Troopers which were also known as â€Å"Brown Shirts†. They were usually called upon to fight groups that were tying to break up the Nazi rallies (25).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bowers 3 On November 9, 1923, Hitler led more than 2,000 Storm Troopers on a march to seize the Bavarian government.

Kodak and Fujifilm

Kodak and Fujifilm Kodak and Fujifilm are well known companies in the households in the United States and across the world. Few people know the actual history of both companies and the competition they have been in over the years. It’s an interesting history on how both companies started and how they have developed and challenged each other over the years. George Eastman, who was the founder of Kodak, started his business career as a 14-year old boy when he had to quit school and work to support his mother and two sisters. Mr.Eastman had a gift for organization and management while his lively and inventive mind made him a successful entrepreneur by his mid-twenties. What sparked the idea of a simple camera was that his coworker suggested he make a record of his vacation to Santo Domingo. As a result, he became absorbed with photography and wanting to simplify the photography process. Eastman started Kodak in 1880 and built it on four basic principles: mass production at low co st, international distribution, extensive advertising, and a focus on the customer.Later on he added the following policies: foster growth and development through continuing research, treat employees in a fair, self-respecting way, and reinvest profits to build and extend the business. Mr. Eastman started the company by manufacturing dry plates for sale to photographers. One mishap almost shut down the company when dry plates that were sold went bad. Eastman came up with a quick solution to recall the bad plates and replace them with a good product. His quick thinking saved the company and the company’s reputation.Mr. Eastman began experiments that focused on the use of a lighter and more flexible support than glass. He began advertising to the public to look out for a new product that will prove an economical and convenient substitute for glass dry plates for outdoors and studio work. Once he started perfecting the transparent roll film and the roll holder, Eastman realized he would have to reach out to the general public and amateur photography. The Kodak camera debuted in 1888. They developed the slogan â€Å"you press the button, we do the rest. Kodak made the process of taking and developing pictures easy and accessible to nearly everyone. Kodak has led the way with a plentitude of new products and processes that makes photography simpler, more useful and enjoyable. The company Kodak has grown to be is known not only for photography but also for images used in leisure, commercial, entertainment and scientific applications. They are constantly developing technology to combine images and information which is creating the potential to greatly change how businesses and people communicate.Eastman’s goal was to make photography â€Å"as convenient as the pencil† while Kodak is continuing to expand the ways images touch people’s lives. Kodak continues to rank as a premier multinational corporation and with a brand that is recognized in nearly every country. Kodak has been involved in technological innovation throughout the motion picture industry as well as the health imaging industry, document imaging, printing and publishing, and space exploration. Mr. Eastman believed employees should have more than good wages. He believed that worker’s goodwill and loyalty contributed to the prosperity of an organization.Eastman started the â€Å"Wage Dividend† in which each employee benefited from the yearly dividend on the company stock above his or her wages. The wage dividends represented a large part of the company’s net earnings; the wage dividends were viewed as an innovation. To show even more appreciation to his employees, Eastman gave one-third of his own holdings of company stock to his employees. He also provided them with a retirement annuity, life insurance and disability benefit plans. (History of Kodak) Fujifilm was established in 1934 in Japan.Fujifilm has established itself as a leader in in the motion picture photography, videotape, audio tape and floppy disc industries. The company is also involved in still cameras, camcorders, photofinishing equipment, paper and chemicals, imaging and information products for office and medical use markets. The company first started out producing motion picture film, dry plates and photographic paper. It was hard to develop brand recognition at first partly because of the competition with Eastman Kodak. Because of this, Fujifilm focused on improving the quality of the products it developed.Since the company was focused on the quality of the products, it developed its first film product and a motion picture negative film which proved to many in Japan that Fujifilm was technically proficient in the motion-picture industry. After World War II, Fuji was able to begin exporting film and optical products to South America and Asia. The postwar boom was a great advantage to Fuji with the demands for new products to be developed. One d ownfall for Eastman Kodak but an advantage to Fuji was when Kodak agreed to let Fuji produce black and white amateur roll film during 1952 and three more black and white roll film products by 1958.The company became the number one manufacturer of consumer films in Japan. Because of the agreement with Kodak this opened doors for Fuji and they were able to make more export agreements and opened sales offices in other countries, including the United States. (Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part I, 2010) Fujifilm still had to overcome two major challenges: Eastman Kodak and Fujifilm’s reputation for below-par film product. Fuji tackled the challenge of film product and developed film and paper that was compatible with the processing systems mostly used worldwide.In 1969 all of their films, photo paper and chemicals completely matched the processing systems. They saw a significant upsurge in their exports. The other challenge was going head to head with Kodak wh ich they took on full-force. When Fuji entered the US market, it introduced a cartridge-film eight-millimeter home movie system. Kodak retaliated with introducing their system which swept Fuji aside and took control of the world market. The market started to notice that Fuji’s film was faster than Kodak’s and produced warmer tones.Fuji advertised making sure amateurs and professionals knew the difference while Kodak continued to concentrate on the beginner/amateur consumers. In 1972, Fuji marketed a film in the US with their name on it. Fuji gained its first significant market share with this product. To try and stay ahead of Kodak, Fuji had to develop, manufacture and market equivalent products quickly before Kodak released new products. By 1980, Fuji was the third largest film producer and stayed competitive by increasing its prices a lot less than the other manufactures.The also took advantage of the growing consumer demand for audio and videotapes. Their early mark eting to amateur and professionals paid off since many amateurs wanted to shoot pictures with high quality film. This boosted Fuji’s status to the second largest film manufacturer. A major advantage Fuji had was researching electronic technology before Kodak. Fuji beat Kodak out for a 1984 Olympics sponsorship which was a huge breakthrough for Fuji. Fuji also took full advantage of the untapped market of disposable cameras. They sold 1. million cameras in 6 months which took them to the top as the number one global camera manufacturer in 1992. Fuji introduced the first digital camera in 1988 which was a historical moment in the camera industry. Fuji has been an innovative competitor since the start of the company. (Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part II, 2010) Kodak failed to grasp the importance of the complex environmental changes that were occurring in the industry. They didn’t react fast enough to stay as the leading company in the industry and Fujifilm took advantage of that.While Kodak had the technological skills to develop products, their rigid leadership culture prevented them from adapting with the changes taking place. Kodak had the â€Å"mentality of perfect products, rather than the high-tech mindset of make it, launch it, fix it. † Fujifilm embraced the changes that were occurring in the photographic market. They diversified through acquisition and changed its business model to conquer digital photography with a commitment to innovation and new technologies. Fuji showed a technological discontinuity by developing the first digital camera.This shows they are innovative and creative in their thinking and think ahead of what is happening in the industry. (Integrated Company Analysis, 2009) One major management concept that has impacted both Fuji and Kodak are their marketing strategies. While Kodak was focused on marketing to amateur photographers, Fuji took it a step beyond and focused on amateurs and profes sionals. This has had a huge impact on both companies. Kodak is focused on positioning itself as providing user-friendly products while the quality of some of their products contradict that claim.This has kept Kodak from advancing as they should have while Fuji has seen a huge benefit from their marketing strategy. I view Fujifilm as a prospector since they think outside of the box and look at what is needed in the future. Kodak started out originally as a prospector but has turned to be a reactor. Kodak is at the point where they are developing products in response to products being released from their competitors, mainly Fujifilm. I believe that Kodak needs to look at their current situation and assess what they need to do to become more profitable again and rebuild their reputation.I can see Kodak using the retrenchment strategy for the redevelopment of the company. One action that leaves it questionable about Fujifilm’s ethical approach is when Kodak filed a complaint wit h the United States that Fuji was blocking their products from entering the Japanese market. Looking at the situation, it could be the Japanese government that had the ethical and social responsibility for these actions. The blocking of Kodak entering the Japanese market maintained the Fujifilm’s profits while it stopped potential revenue for Kodak.Even if the Japanese government would let Kodak sell its products in Japan, the Japanese citizens would most likely still purchase Fujifilm since that is the product that they recognize and are familiar with. Kodak over the years has slowed down it’s adaptation to the market condition changes. When Mr. Eastman was in charge, the business stayed ahead of the industry and adapted well. As the years have gone by that situation has changed to where Kodak reacts after changes have been made. Their reactions are to produce a product so fast that it makes inferior products, which has affected Kodak’s reputation in the indust ry.Fujifilm adapts well to the change in the market conditions. In fact, they are in the forefront of anticipating what is needed next by the consumers. One way a company should build in flexibility is to have openness. Company executives need to be open to new ideas, information sources, and roles. Typically companies stick with the routine processes and don’t consider ideas that may be suggested by people and other sources outside of the company. Some companies are not receptive to ideas that are internally suggested by their own employees either.In order to prosper and advance, company executives need to be able and willing to take ideas and suggestions into consideration. Another way to build in flexibility is the processes of decision making. Companies need to analyze how and if their decision process works. They need re-examine the assumptions that bring the decision to a given point. Executives also should refine their plans according with the brief feedback they recei ve. Companies have to be careful not to develop a competitive inertia where they are reluctant to change their current strategies because they want to keep their current processes which have been successful so far.A third way is to develop a shadow strategy task force. Companies need to analyze themselves and determine what their weaknesses are to be able to make adjustments to strengthen them. One way to look at your weaknesses is to think like your competitors and try to determine how the company can be exploited for competitive advantage. The company should have a wide range of employees on the task force to provide opinions, suggestions and information instead of the task force being only executives.Companies can learn a lot from researching Kodak and Fujifilm’s history. Their history shows how strong companies can be and the bumps in the road they encounter by not adapting to change and competition. There is definitely a lesson in what to do and what not to do as you are building your company and making it stronger throughout the years. References: 1. History of Kodak. Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www. kodak. com/ek/US/en/Our_Company/History_of_Kodak/Imaging-_the_basics. htm 2. Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part I (2010).Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www. photographytalk. com/photography-articles/1682-photography-tipthe-history-of-fujifilm-part-1 3. Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part II (2010). Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www. photographytalk. com/photography-articles/1686-photography-tipthe-history-of-fujifilm-part-2 4. Integrated Company Analysis – Kodak. Fall 2009. Wisconsin School of Business. Retrieved from http://business. library. wisc. edu/resources/kavajecz/09%20Fall/kodak_rep. pdf

Renal physicians Association and the SGR Essays

Renal physicians Association and the SGR Essays Renal physicians Association and the SGR Essay Renal physicians Association and the SGR Essay The present formula for updating the payment for services of physicians is called as the sustainable growth rate. However the very conceptual bias of this particular system is defective. The SGR was created in reaction to the Reform act and the   Balanced budget of 1997.The Congress   came in to establish the fee schedule as one part of Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 (OBRA89). This was made to control the bias of inflation existing as a result of the CPR method, rectify distortions in payment module, as well as allow the lead to a yearly update of the payment rates of the fees schedule. This lead to the legislation of a formula which was based on the attainment of the expenditure target. As per the SGR formula the expenditure target is not influenced by the historical volume growth of the earlier formulas. It is founded on the actual GDP per capita as well as various other factors like alterations in spending due to laws and regulations, increase in physicians practice cost. (Stabenow Debbie, September 13, 2006, HIMSS Reports: Senator Stabenow Introduces SGR Formula Fix) The RPA came into being in 1973. It is a national medical specialty association where the members are licensed nephrologists of US, the healthcare providers who are in the subspecialty area of internal medicine as well as those in teaching, medicine, research of renal diseases and disorders The basic and core values of the RPA is to enhance professionalism, ensure that there is greater equality in compensation, provide efficient and ethical advanced renal care as well as to promote leadership. The annual membership dues vary from $375 to $0 depending on the membership category. The RPA is committed towards providing high quality service to renal patients and follows the ESRD Patient Safety Initiative, Clinical Practice Guidelines, provides Clinical Performance Measures and incorporates quality improvement tools. According to the payment module it may seem that RPA is concerned for the advancement of its members however the RPA has shown consistent concern for providing quality servic e to kidney patients. (RPA, 2006, About RPA: RPA,the Advocate for Excellence in Nephrology Practice) According to the Political action Committee (PAC) of the Renal Physician Association the Sustainable growth rate (SGR) approach is impregnated by three basic problems. Firstly it results in severing the connection between the payment and cost of producing services. By utilizing this particular formula updates are produced which completely dissociated from the various factors that influence the changes including the cost involved in producing the services of physicians. If this is not dealt with urgently the updates provide a semblance of budget regulation but in the process they also produce a fee’s that will in the long term endanger the beneficiary’s access greatly. Thus the people including the physicians suffer ultimately. (Hackbarth M.Glenn, February 28, 2002, MedPAC recommendations on physician payment policy, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission) Secondly there is an inherently defective volume control mechanism brought into operation as a result of the SGR formula.   This is because sustainable growth rate is merely a national target and doesn’t act as an inducement for the physicians to engage in volume control. This type of formula only helps to project political milestones and has little social and economic significance. Reduction in fees does not necessarily lead to simultaneous and constant sluggish growth in volume. More ever it does not correspond to the increase in the volume of services and to the spending level, which continue to grow. (Hackbarth M.Glenn, February 28, 2002, MedPAC recommendations on physician payment policy, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission) This kind of formula propagates inequality because it doesn’t take into cognizance the regional distinctions with regard to individual volume which in turn will influence the behavior of the updates. As a result the SGR formula leads to the production of updates which may excessively low in some cases and excessively high in others. The Congress in the year 2004-2005 intervened in the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) in a bid to prevent the various updates for negative payment in the same year due to the formula. But each time the Congress intervened to supersede the negative updates the formula mechanically has to decrease the updates in all future application in order to make up for the alteration. Thus it is predicted that yearly updates of 5% will continue o occur or a period of seven successive years. This series of projections can be characterized as unrealistically and impractically low. More ever in context of budget scoring these forecasts makes other substitutes of the SGR seem unrealistically and un-duly expensive. Hence any legislation on the SRG formula is of no consequence. Instead the PAC of the RPA recommends that a distinct course of action should be initiated. (Hackbarth M.Glenn, February 28, 2002, MedPAC recommendations on physician payment policy, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission) This course of action should incorporate the various explicit deliberations of objectives of the Medicare program.   The updates should consequently be annually considered so that the services of the physicians are appropriately paid for while at the same time the will ensure that the best quality of health care service remains accessible to the Medicare beneficiaries. Along with this the increase in the volume of the physician services can be taken care of directly. The growth in volume is distinct for different regions. The volume growth is actually dependent on the individual physician’s decision regarding his/her practice. The major question is that if all the care that is being provided actually required. According to certain studies and Dartmouth researches better quality of health care has no connection with greater volume of services. Volume growth cannot be controlled and regulated without addressing the actual causes. The SGR which endeavors to regulate volume by t he global payment alterations and by considering all physicians and services in the same parameter is not a good policy. (Hackbarth M.Glenn, February 28, 2002, MedPAC recommendations on physician payment policy, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission) The new system should be concerned with updating payment of the services of the physicians based on the evaluation of adequacy of payment. This should incorporate the projected changes occurring in the input prices on the next year.   This will be a small adjustment for growth in productivity with interaction of multiple factors. Further the updates will not be mechanically or automatically projected and will depict the real image. The various changes relating to the accessibility of beneficiary to the health care services, the aptness of increase in cost and other factors like the quality of services will be reflected in the updates. This will also commensurate with the other Medicare payment systems as well as help in the Legislatures in the various budgets making process. When the projections take the productivity into consideration the physicians are better able to provide high quality service. Once the payment rates are updated appropriately and the issue of adequate payment i s addressed the volume control (significant for both the beneficiary as well as taxpayers) can be addressed. From the perspective of the beneficiary an increase in the volume implies that there is greater cost made from the beneficiary pocket as well as greater cost of payment of supplemental coverage. From the perspective of the tax payers as well there is greater expenditure resulting from increase in volume. Increase in volume also affects the federal budget negatively. Certain volume growth like growth resulting from better technology may in fact be good for the patients. However not all growth is good and this is indicated by the variation in growth in various areas. The variation in certain services is very wide like in imaging and testing. It has been found that variation in volume in various regions is high in discretionary services like imaging and diagnostic testing. In areas where there is greater volume quality of service is found to be less. Volume has been found to dif fer from region to region. The best way to counter the volume problem without resorting to a formula is to adopt a multiple strategy policy. This will includes pre-authorization, profiling, beneficiary education, site inspection, coding edits, privileging and safety standards. At the same time Medicare payment can be linked to quality of service provided. This kind of payment will be budget neutral and will take care of both attainment as well as improvement. This will also help to alter the measurement of quality over time. Hence since higher volume is in no way connected with better quality. This type of action cause will not only ensure that beneficiary’s get better quality of service but also provides incentive for regulating the volume of services. (Hackbarth M.Glenn, February 28, 2002, MedPAC recommendations on physician payment policy, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission) The RPA recommends removal of the physician administered drugs from the ambit of SGR calculation and the inclusion of the entire charge of the new benefits as well as coverage decision within the SGR target. Further it recommends the inclusion of the effect of the alterations in law and regulation. For example the SGR does not consider the down stream services.

Research Paper Format

Research Paper Format Research Paper Format Research Paper Format While writing research paper, you should keep in mind three essential parts of the research paper format: introduction, body, and conclusion. Research paper outline is your guide for organizing parts of your research paper writing into a coherent project.   You need to consult your tutor to get detailed instruction on research paper format. Body is the largest part of research paper writing.   While writing a research paper main body, you need to choose a strategy and keep it through the writing.   If you are able to link description with argument, it functions in a similar way to a quotation.   Research paper reader expects you to discuss it in relation to the content and purpose of writing. You may describe two laws or two kings of England.   Research paper topic determines the research paper format you need to use.   Sometimes, chronological order cannot be applied to theoretical analysis, while the historical research should be presented in chronological order. You may describe a social problem or a scientific discovery prior to going further into discussion of its implications. Research paper is about critical analysis and interpretation. Sure, interpretation should be based on reliable sources.   As essence of research paper writing holds, you have to research something (an issue, an event, etc.).   You should be very careful with the choice of materials and devote a lot of time and efforts to description, analysis, and planning of the research paper format.   You should make points, construct arguments, and remain critical of your own writing. You may analyze pros and cons of what has already been noted on the issue.   For example, you may note that some of the studies have lost their actuality and can no longer be used as a foundation for current research.   Any tutor will advise you to focus your writing on recent publications and be attentive to the personal biases.   Do not let your personal opinion distort the facts! .com Our research paper writers are available 24/7 to assist you with any assignment. Custom written research papers will definitely meet academic requirements and be up to the academic level.   Every writer we employ is capable of following the instruction.   We ensure proper research paper format and logical organization of ideas.   You may have good understanding of the topic, while we know how to put your knowledge and research findings on the paper. Custom written research paper of high quality is your chance to get an A+ on your assignment.

UK EDUCATION SYSTEM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UK EDUCATION SYSTEM - Essay Example In the UK, all the public schools are possessed and sponsored by the central regime and partially by the local governments. There are Local Education Authorities that are mandated to oversee the learning in the state school. This is contrary to the American system. The school systems differ from one state to another. Each state is responsible for funding the public schools and controlling their programs. The federal government has little interference with the way states run their education system. In UK, students are always in uniforms; something that is rarely observed in the US (Shapiro, 2005, p. 4). The UK parents have to vote if their children will wear uniforms to school or not. Most of the state primary schools require their students to put on uniforms contrary to the American public schools. Similarity between the two systems is also observed in some sections. For instance, both have divided their year into three terms. Similarly, both start their year around September and end it between June and July. In the American education system, a child of 6 years I legible to join the elementary school (Rugg, 2010, p. 5). This is similar with the British system where a 6-year-old will join the infants section of the primary education. The basic structure of the two education systems differs but a thorough analysis reveals a little similarity. For instance, the UK has primary education, followed by secondary education and finally college or university for higher learning. This is different when it comes to America. One enters the elementary school, then the junior high school, then senior high school before proceeding to college or university for higher education (Rugg, 2010, p. 12). Another similarity is observed in the pre-school education. In both countries, nursery and kindergarten have not been properly addressed. In the UK, nursery education is provided by private schools, which many parents find expensive to afford. There is not set

National Math Curriculum Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

National Math Curriculum - Case Study Example The key concepts of applications of mathematics enable the students of this college to gain a critical understanding about mathematical ideas that shape our world. The revised mathematics programme of study for key stage 3 includes the level 1 functional skills standard in mathematics. There are structural similarities with the level 1 functional skills. For the algebra lessons, there are four specific examples outlined. The first one is to generate and describe simple integer sequences. The second one is to generate terms of a simple sequence based on a given rule. The third one is to generate sequences from practical contexts and explain the general term in specific simple cases. The fourth one is to express simple functions in words and afterwards express it using symbols and in mappings. For the lessons in shape and space, there are seven specific examples. The first one is to utilize letter symbols to represent unknown numbers and variables. The second one is to recognise and use multiples, factors or divisors, common factor, highest common factor, lowest common multiple and primes. The third one is to find the prime factor decomposition of a number. ... For the lessons on probability, there are three examples. First, one must generate the point estimate of a normal distribution. The second example is finding the confidence interval of normal distributions. The third one is to assess the strength of association between two variables using chi-square and phi. The major functional skills in algebra, shape and space and probability lessons are applied to the teaching and learning methods of St. Thomas a Becket Catholic College. This type of holistic learning needs to contribute to the development of the key processes. The skills developed in key stage 3 pertain to the key processes of representing, analysing, interpreting, evaluating, communicating and reflecting. The range and content set out in the programme of study is comprehensive. The key stage 3 programme of study forms the foundation for pupils to apply their mathematics to actual situations in the real world in key stage 4.This curriculum helps them to be responsible citizens. It contributes to help them adopt mathematical skills for financial capability which will prepare them to live responsible and satisfying lives. The curriculum puts primordial emphasis on analysing and justifying conclusions in mathematical situations which allows them to acquire critical and analytical appr oaches to real-life situations. This curriculum helps students to be successful learners. The mathematics programme of study assists students with inquisitive minds to learn how to think for themselves. It specifically provides ample opportunities for pupils to tackle open-ended problems. The pupils are work with mathematical errors and misconceptions, which helps them to understand how they learn, as well as to learn from their